Beschreibung:
Cover -- Table of Contents -- Prolog -- Preface to the French Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I. Generalities -- 1. Ocean characteristics -- 1.1 Spatial characteristics -- 1.2 Physical characteristics of pure water -- 1.3 Chemical and physical properties of seawater -- 2. Heat and water exchanges between ocean and atmosphere -- 2.1 Global radiation balance -- 2.1.1 Incident solar radiation and albedo -- 2.1.2 Absorption of incident radiation -- 2.1.3 The greenhouse effect -- 2.1.4 Long-wave (infrared) radiation -- 2.1.5 Evaporation and conduction -- 2.1.6 Radiative balance -- 2.2 Distribution of ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes -- 2.2.1 Solar radiation -- 2.2.2 Heat loss by infrared radiation -- 2.2.3 Heat loss by evaporation -- 2.2.4 Heat loss by conduction -- 2.2.5 Net heat flux -- 2.3 Atmosphere and ocean heat transport -- 2.4 Ocean surface temperature -- 2.5 Water fluxes -- 2.5.1 Evaporation and precipitation -- 2.5.2 Water flux balance -- 2.6 Surface salinity -- 2.7 Surface density -- 2.8 Heat and salt transfers to the ocean interior. The thermocline -- 3. Water masses -- 3.1 General properties of water masses -- 3.2 Mode Waters, Central Waters, and Intermediate Waters -- 3.3 Bottom Waters and Deep Waters -- 3.4 Analysis of water characteristics -- 3.4.1 Potential temperature and potential density -- 3.4.2 Potential temperature-salinity diagram -- 3.4.3 Tracers -- 4. Ocean circulation -- 4.1 Laws controlling oceanic motion -- 4.2 The effect of Earth rotation on motion -- the Coriolis force -- 4.3 Geostrophy: the principal balance of forces in the ocean -- 4.4 The dynamic method -- 4.5 Dynamic topography -- 4.6 Thermohaline circulation -- 5. The role of wind -- 5.1 Oceanic and atmospheric surface circulation -- 5.2 Local wind effects: Ekman transport -- 5.2.1 Wind acting near a coastline: coastal upwelling
5.2.2 Wind at the equator: equatorial upwelling, Equatorial Undercurrent -- 5.3 Large-scale wind effects -- 5.3.1 Ekman pumping -- 5.3.2 Sverdrup balance -- 5.3.3 Western intensification of ocean currents -- 5.3.4 Conservation of potential vorticity -- 6. Observational techniques -- 6.1 Temperature and salinity measurements -- 6.1.1 Reversing thermometers -- 6.1.2 Bathythermograph -- 6.1.3 Expendable bathythermograph, or XBT -- 6.1.4 Salinometer -- 6.1.5 Thermosalinograph -- 6.2 The hydrographic station and its measurements -- 6.2.1 Knudsen, Nansen, and Niskin sample bottles -- 6.2.2 CTD probe and rosette -- 6.3 Direct current measurements -- 6.3.1 Current meters -- 6.3.2 Acoustic Doppler current profilers -- 6.3.3 Moored current meters -- 6.3.4 Surface-moored buoy -- 6.4 Drifting buoys, floats, profilers, gliders -- 6.4.1 Drifting buoys -- 6.4.2 Swallow floats and SOFAR floats -- 6.4.3 Profiling floats -- 6.4.4 Gliders -- 6.4.5 Animal-borne instruments: How elephant seals can help exploring the ocean -- 6.5 Satellite measurements -- II. The Antarctic (or Austral) Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geographic characteristics -- 3. Atmospheric pressure and winds -- 4. Climatology -- 4.1 Glaciers and ice pack -- 4.1.1 Continental glaciers, ice shelves -- 4.1.2 The ice pack -- 4.1.3 Polynyas -- 4.2 Precipitation -- 5. Surface circulation -- 5.1 The Antarctic Circumpolar Current -- 5.2 The Antarctic Circumpolar Current and oceanic fronts -- 5.2.1 The Subtropical Front and the Subantarctic Zone -- 5.2.2 The Subantarctic Front and the Polar Frontal Zone -- 5.2.3 The Polar Front, the Antarctic Zone, and the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front -- 5.2.4 The Southern Zone, the Southern Boundary and the Antarctic Divergence -- 5.2.5 The role of topography in the Circumpolar Current -- 5.3 The Periantarctic Coastal Current -- 6. Water properties
6.1 Surface temperature -- 6.2 Salinity -- 6.3 Antarctic Ocean Water Masses -- 6.3.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Deep Water -- 6.3.2 Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water -- 6.3.3 Bottom Water and Deep Water in the Weddell Sea -- 6.3.4 Antarctic Bottom Water -- 7. Distinctive features of the Antarctic Ocean -- III. The Atlantic Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geographic characteristics -- 3. Climatology -- 3.1 Pressure and winds -- 3.2 Precipitation and evaporation -- 4. Surface and subsurface circulation -- 4.1 The equatorial current system -- 4.1.1 The North Equatorial Current -- 4.1.2 The South Equatorial Current and the North Brazil Current -- 4.1.3 North Equatorial Countercurrent -- 4.1.4 South Equatorial Countercurrent and the Angola Dome -- 4.1.5 The Equatorial Undercurrent -- 4.1.6 North and South Equatorial undercurrents -- 4.1.7 Equatorial jets -- 4.2 The North subtropical gyre -- 4.2.1 The Gulf Stream system -- 4.2.1.1 Circulation in the American Mediterranean -- 4.2.1.2 The Florida Current -- 4.2.1.3 The Gulf Stream -- 4.2.2 The North Atlantic Drift and eastern boundary currents -- 4.3 The subpolar cyclonic gyre -- 4.4 The south subtropical gyre -- 4.5 Upwelling zones -- 4.5.1 Equatorial upwelling -- 4.5.2 Canary upwelling -- 4.5.3 Benguela upwelling -- 5. Adjacent seas -- 5.1 The (Eurafrican) Mediterranean -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 Topography -- 5.1.3 Climatology -- 5.1.4 Surface circulation -- 5.1.5 Mediterranean oceanography -- 5.1.5.1 Atlantic Water -- 5.1.5.2 The Black Sea -- 5.1.5.3 Formation processes of Mediterranean water masses -- 5.1.5.4 Intermediate Levantine Water -- 5.1.5.5 Aegean Sea -- 5.1.5.6 Adriatic Sea and Eastern Basin Deep Water -- 5.1.5.7 Western Basin Deep Water -- 5.1.5.8 Mediterranean characteristics
5.2 The Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, and the Greenland Sea (or Arctic Mediterranean) -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Topography -- 5.2.3 Climatology -- 5.2.3.1 Pressure and winds -- 5.2.3.2 Precipitation and heat flux -- 5.2.4 Surface currents of the Arctic Ocean -- 5.2.5 Surface temperature -- 5.2.6 Arctic Mediterranean Oceanography -- 5.2.6.1 Atlantic Water -- 5.2.6.2 Arctic Surface Water -- 5.2.6.3 Deep Water of the Greenland Sea and of the Norwegian Sea -- 5.2.6.4 Arctic Deep Water -- 5.2.6.5 Arctic Intermediate Waters -- 5.2.6.6 Overflows from the Nordic Seas -- 6. Water properties -- 6.1 Surface water -- 6.2 Subtropical Waters, Central Waters, Subtropical Mode Waters -- 6.2.1 North and South Subtropical Waters -- 6.2.2 North and South Central Waters -- 6.3 Antarctic Intermediate Water -- 6.4 Arctic Intermediate Waters and Subpolar Mode Waters -- 6.5 Mediterranean Water -- 6.6 Antarctic Bottom Water -- 6.7 Dense waters exiting over the Greenland-Scotland sills -- 6.7.1 Sill Water between Iceland and Scotland -- 6.7.2 Denmark Water Strait -- 6.8 Labrador Sea Water -- 6.9 North Atlantic Deep Water -- 7. Water properties of adjacent and epicontinental seas -- 7.1 American Mediterranean (Caribbean Sea) -- 7.2 Some epicontinental seas -- 7.2.1 The North Sea -- 7.2.2 The Baltic Sea -- 7.2.3 Hudson Bay -- 7.2.4 Baffin Bay -- 8. Distinctive features of the Atlantic Ocean -- IV. The Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geographic characteristics -- 3. Climatology -- 3.1 Atmospheric pressure and wind regime -- 3.1.1 Pressure and winds over the southern Indian Ocean -- 3.1.2 Pressures and winds over the northern Indian Ocean -- 3.2 Precipitation, evaporation, heat exchange -- 4. Surface circulation -- 4.1 General circulation -- 4.2 Circulation South of 10°S -- 4.2.1 South Equatorial Current -- 4.2.2 SE and NE Madagascar Currents
4.2.3 Agulhas Current -- 4.2.4 South Indian Current, West Australian Current and the eastern cyclonic circuit -- 4.2.5 Leeuwin Current -- 4.2.6 Upper connections with the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans -- 4.3 Circulation North of 10°S -- 4.3.1 Circulation in the Arabian Sea and along the Somali coast -- 4.3.2 Circulation in the Bay of Bengal and the eastern Indian Ocean -- 4.3.3 Equatorial Current, Wyrtki Jet -- 4.3.4 South Equatorial Countercurrent -- 4.3.5 Equatorial Undercurrent -- 5. Water properties -- 5.1 Surface water -- 5.1.1 Surface temperature -- 5.1.2 Surface salinity -- 5.2 Adjacent seas -- 5.2.1 The Red Sea -- 5.2.2 The Persian Gulf -- 5.2.3 Indonesian Seas -- 5.3 Indian Ocean Water Masses -- 5.3.1 Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Waters -- 5.3.2 South Indian Ocean Central Water, Subtropical Mode Waters, South Indian Ocean Subtropical Water -- 5.3.3 The Hydrologic Front (SEC Front) -- 5.3.4 Arabian Sea Water, Northwest Indian Ocean Water -- 5.3.5 Bay of Bengal Water -- 5.3.6 Indian Deep Water -- 5.3.7 Indian Ocean Bottom Water -- 6. Distinctive features of the Indian Ocean -- V. The Pacific Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geographic characteristics -- 3. Climatology -- 3.1 Pressure distribution -- 3.2 Winds -- 3.3 Precipitation, evaporation, and heat exchanges -- 3.4 Climatic anomalies over the Pacific: El Niño -- 4. Surface circulation -- 4.1 General circulation -- 4.2 Equatorial current systems -- 4.2.1 The North Equatorial Current -- 4.2.2 The South Equatorial Current -- 4.2.3 The North Equatorial Countercurrent -- 4.2.4 The South Equatorial Countercurrent -- 4.2.5 The Equatorial Undercurrent -- 4.2.6 The Equatorial Intermediate Current and equatorial jets -- 4.2.7 The North Equatorial Undercurrent and the South Equatorial Undercurrent -- 4.2.8 Equatorial upwelling -- 4.2.9 Instabilities -- 4.2.10 Variability